TY - JOUR
T1 - Synthesis and accumulation of amylase-trypsin inhibitors and changes in carbohydrate profile during grain development of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
AU - Call, Lisa
AU - Haider, Elisabeth
AU - D'Amico, Stefano
AU - Reiter, Elisabeth
AU - Grausgruber, Heinrich
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was financially supported by FFG (Austrian Research Promotion Agency), FEMTech project (FFG project no. 875537). The funds were used for the collection of data by a scholarship to EH. The publication of this research was supported by BOKU Vienna Open Access Publishing Fund.
Funding Information:
The authors want to thank the EQ GmbH for providing the MALDI-TOF MS equipment, and Stefan Böhmdorfer from the Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Tulln an der Donau, for providing the CryoMill.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The Author(s).
PY - 2021/12
Y1 - 2021/12
N2 - BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) and certain carbohydrates referred to as FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols) play an important role in promoting wheat sensitivity. Hitherto, no study has investigated the accumulation of ATIs during the development of the wheat caryopsis. We collected caryopses of common wheat cv. 'Arnold' at eight different grain developmental stages to study compositional changes in ATI and FODMAP content.RESULTS: The harvested caryopses were analysed for their size, protein and carbohydrate concentrations. ATIs were further characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, and their trypsin inhibition was evaluated by an enzymatic assay. The results showed that ATI accumulation started about 1 week after anthesis and subsequently increased steadily until physiological maturity. However, the biological activity of ATIs in terms of enzyme inhibition was not detectable before about 4 weeks after anthesis. Carbohydrate analysis revealed the abundance of short-chain fructans in early stages of grain development, whereas non-water-soluble carbohydrates increased during later developmental stages.CONCLUSIONS: The results provide new insights into the complex metabolisms during grain filling and maturation, with particular emphasis on the ATI content as well as the inhibitory potential towards trypsin. The time lag between ATI accumulation and development of their biological activity is possibly attributed to the assembling of ATIs to dimers and tetramers, which seems to be crucial for their inhibitory potential.
AB - BACKGROUND: Recent studies indicate that amylase-trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) and certain carbohydrates referred to as FODMAPs (fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols) play an important role in promoting wheat sensitivity. Hitherto, no study has investigated the accumulation of ATIs during the development of the wheat caryopsis. We collected caryopses of common wheat cv. 'Arnold' at eight different grain developmental stages to study compositional changes in ATI and FODMAP content.RESULTS: The harvested caryopses were analysed for their size, protein and carbohydrate concentrations. ATIs were further characterized by MALDI-TOF MS, and their trypsin inhibition was evaluated by an enzymatic assay. The results showed that ATI accumulation started about 1 week after anthesis and subsequently increased steadily until physiological maturity. However, the biological activity of ATIs in terms of enzyme inhibition was not detectable before about 4 weeks after anthesis. Carbohydrate analysis revealed the abundance of short-chain fructans in early stages of grain development, whereas non-water-soluble carbohydrates increased during later developmental stages.CONCLUSIONS: The results provide new insights into the complex metabolisms during grain filling and maturation, with particular emphasis on the ATI content as well as the inhibitory potential towards trypsin. The time lag between ATI accumulation and development of their biological activity is possibly attributed to the assembling of ATIs to dimers and tetramers, which seems to be crucial for their inhibitory potential.
KW - Amylases/metabolism
KW - Austria
KW - Carbohydrate Metabolism
KW - Edible Grain/growth & development
KW - Enzyme Inhibitors/metabolism
KW - Seeds/growth & development
KW - Triticum/growth & development
KW - Trypsin/metabolism
KW - Trypsin Inhibitors/metabolism
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101582467&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1186/s12870-021-02886-x
DO - 10.1186/s12870-021-02886-x
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 33627080
SN - 1471-2229
VL - 21
SP - 113
JO - BMC Plant Biology
JF - BMC Plant Biology
IS - 1
M1 - 113
ER -