Sex and gender differences in neurological infections

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Neurological infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This review aims to summarize current insights and developments for sex and gender differences in the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and prognosis of neurological infections.

RECENT FINDINGS: Sex refers to the biological and physiological factors that define males and females. Gender, on the other hand, refers to characteristics that are socially constructed. Both aspects are central to infectious disease pathogenesis, and clinical and scientific evidence of their relevance in neuroinfections is emerging. Indeed, differences in exposure to pathogens and genetic and hormonal factors modulate immune responses and modify the susceptibility, clinical course, and response to the treatment of neurological infections.

SUMMARY: Recognizing and addressing sex and gender differences in neurological infections is crucial for tailoring diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive strategies. Our review underscores the importance of considering sex and gender in clinical practice and research to improve patient care and outcomes.