@article{66ea1074eb954f299994e2006cd6ae0e,
title = "Course of depressive symptoms in men and women: differential effects of social, psychological, behavioral and somatic predictors",
abstract = "In this study, we aimed to identify the most important and sex-specific social, psychological, behavioral and somatic predictors of recurrent depressive symptoms. Data was obtained at two measurement points within five years by the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS). Out of N = 12,061 individuals, a sample of 877 (age 52.3 ± 9.9) who reported clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baseline was analyzed. Univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. Almost half of participants depressed at baseline also reported depressive symptoms five years later. Sex-stratified multivariate analyses revealed that solely social support remained a significant protective predictor against recurrence of depression in men (OR = 0.93; CI95% = 0.87-0.99), whereas in women smoking (OR = 1.97; CI95% = 1.23-3.22), and Type D personality (OR = 1.65; CI95% = 1.10-2.49) were significant risk factors. However, when analyzing the entire sample, no interaction effect between sex and each predictor turned out to be significant. Only social support was retained as an overall predictive factor. As depressive symptoms recur, depressive vulnerability is established involving personality, health behavior and social factors. Although no significant sex-specific interactions were observed, sex-stratified analyses point out different patterns for relevant predictors of recurrent depressive symptoms in men and women.",
keywords = "Adult, Depressive Disorder/psychology, Female, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Social Support",
author = "Tibubos, {Ana N} and Elmar Br{\"a}hler and Mareike Ernst and Carlotta Baumgarten and Joerg Wiltink and Juliane Burghardt and Matthias Michal and {Ghaemi Kerahrodi}, Jasmin and Andreas Schulz and Wild, {Philipp S} and Thomas M{\"u}nzel and Irene Schmidtmann and Lackner, {Karl J} and Norbert Pfeiffer and Andreas Borta and Beutel, {Manfred E}",
note = "Funding Information: We thank all study participants for their willingness to provide data for this research project, and we are indebted to all coworkers for their enthusiastic commitment. The Gutenberg Health Study has been funded by the government of Rhineland-Palatinate (“Stiftung Rheinland-Pfalz f{\"u}r Innovation”, contract AZ 961-386261/733), the research programs “Wissen schafft Zukunft” and “Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB)” of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, and its contract with Boehringer Ingelheim, PHILIPS Medical Systems and Novartis Pharma, including an unrestricted grant for the Gutenberg Health Study. PSW is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF 01EO1503). Funders were involved in the development of the study design as scientific consultants. However, they played no role in data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019, The Author(s).",
year = "2019",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-55342-0",
language = "English",
volume = "9",
pages = "18929",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}